Genta Hredaya: Media Informasi Ilmiah Filsafat Hindu
Genta Hredaya: Media Informasi Ilmiah Filsafat Hindu hadir untuk memberi ruang bagi para penulis yang ingin mengembangkan dan menyebarkan nilai-nilai filsafat Hindu. p-ISSN : 2598-6848 (Printed) e-ISSN : 2722-1415 (Online)
TUBUH, GENDER, DAN IDENTITAS (Pembacaan Kritis atas Dualisme Puruṣa-Prakṛti Īśvarakṛṣṇa dalam Diskursus Kontemporer)
Artikel ini mengambil posisi kritis dalam membahas tubuh dan identitas, menggunakan perspektif Īśvarakṛṣṇa sebagai lensa utama. Di satu sisi, reduksionisme biologis memaksa kita melihat tubuh sebagai dasar identitas. Segala sesuatu, dari subjektivitas hingga pengalaman, direduksi ke gen dan proses neurobiologis. Di sisi lain, teori performativitas gender dari Judith Butler justru memandang identitas sebagai hasil konstruksi diskursif, sesuatu yang terus-menerus diciptakan melalui praktik sosial yang berulang. Dua pendekatan ini, walaupun bertolak belakang secara metode, namun sama-sama berkutat dalam ranah material, baik itu biologis atau sosial. Tetapi, keduanya belum benar-benar menyentuh inti persoalan, yaitu apa sebenarnya subjek yang mengalami tubuh itu sendiri? Melalui kerangka 25 tattva dalam sāṃkhya klasik, artikel ini menegaskan bahwa tubuh, pikiran, ego, dan bahkan gender, seluruhnya termasuk dalam ranah prakṛti, yaitu realitas material yang dinamis dan terus berubah. Berbeda dengan itu, puruṣa dipahami sebagai kesadaran murni, sesuatu yang tetap, tidak terpengaruh atribut biologis atau sosial. Dari sini, muncul tawaran ontologi non-reduktif, bahwa tubuh diakui sebagai realitas fenomenal yang punya bobot ontologis, identitas dipandang sebagai konstruksi dinamis di ranah material-psikologis, sementara martabat dan subjek berakar pada kesadaran sebagai prinsip ontologis. Kebaruan artikel ini lahir dari upaya untuk mengintegrasikan pemikiran Īśvarakṛṣṇa dalam sāṃkhya klasik dengan teori sosial kontemporer. Dengan cara ini, artikel menawarkan pondasi metafisik yang lebih solid untuk diskusi tubuh, gender, dan martabat manusia. Ini bisa menjadi salah satu jalan keluar dari jebakan reduksionisme biologis dan konstruktivisme radikal.
REPRESENTASI NILAI-NILAI SOSIAL DAN KULTURAL DALAM TRADISI NYEEB DI DESA TAJUN: SEBUAH STUDI ETNOGRAFI
Tradisi Nyeeb, yang dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat Desa Tajun, merupakan ritual yang tidak hanya memperhitungkan kesakralan upacara, tetapi juga menyimpan beragam nilai sosial dan kultural yang mendalam. Berdasarkan hal tersebut peneliti merumuskan permasalahan yaitu Bagaimana proses pelaksanaan Tradisi Nyeeb di Desa Tajun?, Bagaimana bentuk ekpresi sosial yang muncul dalam pelaksanaan Tradisi Nyeeb di Desa Tajun?, Apa makna sosial dan kultural dari Tradisi Nyeeb bagi masyarakat Desa Tajun, terutama dalam konteks kebersamaan dan solidaritas masyarakat?. Metode penelitian ini berfokus pada pendekatan kualitatif dan pendekatan etnografi untuk menjelajahi dan menganalisis nilai-nilai sosial dan kultural yang terdapat dalam Tradisi Nyeeb di Desa Tajun. Dengan mengadopsi metode etnografi, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menangkap kompleksitas interaksi sosial dan simbolisme budaya yang terkait dengan tradisi tersebut. Data dikumpulkan melalui tiga cara utama: observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi, yang semuanya menyediakan konteks dan pemahaman yang mendalam mengenai proses ritual. Proses analisis dilakukan secara interaktif dan bersiklus untuk memastikan keakuratan dan kedalaman temuan, berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih luas tentang peran tradisi dalam menjaga identitas budaya dan nilai-nilai sosial di tengah perubahan sosial yang terus berlangsung . Selain itu, hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa proses pelaksanaan Tradisi Nyeeb di Desa Tajun adalah, Pemilihan Tempat Pelaksanaan, Waktu Pelaksanaan, Tahapan Pelaksanaan Tradisi Nyeeb. Bentuk ekpresi sosial yang muncul dalam pelaksanaan Tradisi Nyeeb di Desa Tajun, meliputi Partisipasi Komunitas, Penguatan Identitas dan Kebersamaan, Konsekuensi Sosial dan Spiritual. Makna sosial dan kultural dari Tradisi Nyeeb bagi masyarakat Desa Tajun, terutama dalam konteks kebersamaan dan solidaritas masyarakat, meliputi Kebersamaan dan Solidaritas dalam Masyarakat, Budaya dan Kearifan Lokal, Dimensi Spiritual dan Sosial, Peran dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Sosial.
MAKNA FILOSOFIS JENANG SENGKOLO DALAM TRADISI WETONAN MASYARAKAT JAWA
Jenang sengkolo merupakan salah satu unsur penting dalam tradisi wetonan masyarakat Jawa. Kehadirannya bukan sekadar pelengkap sesajen, melainkan mengandung makna filosofis yang mendalam tentang asal-usul manusia, dualisme kosmis, dan harmonisasi antara manusia dengan Tuhan, alam, serta sesama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji makna filosofis empat varian Jenang sengkolo dalam tradisi wetonan, yaitu Jenang putih polos, Jenang merah polos, Jenang merah di atas putih, dan Jenang putih di atas merah. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka (library research) dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis. Data dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber kepustakaan meliputi buku, jurnal ilmiah, dan dokumen budaya yang relevan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa keempat varian Jenang sengkolo merepresentasikan konsep sedulur papat lima pancer dalam kosmologi Jawa, sekaligus mengandung nilai-nilai filosofis tentang dualisme, keseimbangan, asal-usul kehidupan, dan tolak bala. Keempat varian tersebut tidak berdiri sendiri, melainkan membentuk satu kesatuan makna yang utuh dalam pandangan hidup manusia Jawa. Kata kunci: Jenang sengkolo, wetonan, filsafat Jawa, kosmologi, sedulur papat lima pancer
MANUSIA, ALAM, DAN RUANG: PERSPEKTIF KOSMOLOGI DALAM TRADISI MEPASAH DI DESA TRUNYAN, BALI
The Mepasah tradition in Trunyan Village, Bali, is one of the most unique funeral cultural phenomena in Indonesia, where bodies are placed on the ground under the Taru Menyan tree without burial or cremation (Ngaben). This study aims to analyze the Mepasah tradition through a cosmological perspective to reveal the relationship between humans, nature, and the spiritual dimension. Using a descriptive qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews with traditional leaders in Trunyan Village. The formal object of this research focuses on cosmological analysis as the knowledge system underlying the ritual practice. The results show that the Mepasah tradition is a manifestation of the Homo Religiosus concept, where the Trunyan community makes "The Sacred" a guide (Axis Mundi) in maintaining the harmony of the universe. The Taru Menyan tree functions as a medium of cosmological communication that unites the micro-cosmic element (human) with the macro-cosmic (God and nature). The classification of burial spaces (Sema Wayah, Sema Bantas, and Sema Nguda) reflects a strict ethical-religious structure in viewing the purity of the soul. This study concludes that Mepasah is not merely a practice of body disposal, but a spiritual technology to maintain cosmic integrity and the nobility of the Bali Aga community's traditions amidst the current of modernization.
BUZZER DAN KECACATAN EPISTEMOLOGIS: ANCAMAN INFODEMIC SISTEMIK TERHADAP RUANG PUBLIK DIGITAL INDONESIA
Perkembangan media sosial di Indonesia telah membuka ruang partisipasi publik yang lebih luas, namun pada saat bersamaan juga memunculkan fenomena buzzer sebagai aktor yang secara sistematis memanipulasi ekosistem informasi digital. Artikel ini mengkaji keberadaan buzzer yang menciptakan kecacatan epistemologis dalam ruang publik digital, khususnya melalui produksi infodemic yang terorganisir dan berdampak struktural. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis kajian literatur interdisipliner, artikel ini menganalisis praktik buzzer melalui dua kerangka teori utama: epistemologi sosial veritistik Goldman (1999) dan konsep epistemic injustice Fricker (2007). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa buzzer tidak sekadar menyebarkan konten disinformasi, melainkan secara aktif merusak kondisi-kondisi epistemik yang diperlukan agar masyarakat dapat membentuk pengetahuan yang valid dan rasional. Dua mekanisme utama yang diidentifikasi adalah: (1) distorsi kepercayaan testimonial, dengan buzzer memanipulasi sinyal kredibilitas informasi melalui amplifikasi buatan; dan (2) produksi informed ignorance, dengan kondisi banjir informasi terdistorsi justru melumpuhkan kapasitas kritis publik. Artikel ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan kerangka analitik dalam kajian humaniora digital Indonesia, sekaligus menawarkan landasan konseptual bagi penelitian empiris lanjutan tentang dampak struktural buzzer terhadap kualitas demokrasi berbasis pengetahuan.
Gangguan Tidur di Indonesia: Tantangan Epidemiologis dan Potensi Yoga Kesehatan sebagai Intervensi Evidence-Based
Insomnia merupakan salah satu gangguan tidur yang prevalensinya terus meningkat dan berdampak luas terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Di Indonesia, diperkirakan sekitar 28 juta orang atau hampir 10% populasi mengalami insomnia, dengan prevalensi lebih tinggi pada perempuan, lansia, serta individu dengan penyakit kronis. Fenomena ini mengindikasikan bahwa insomnia bukan hanya masalah individu, tetapi juga tantangan epidemiologis yang memiliki konsekuensi sosial, ekonomi, dan kesehatan publik. Insomnia kronis terbukti meningkatkan risiko hipertensi, penyakit jantung koroner, diabetes tipe 2, gangguan kognitif, depresi, serta kecelakaan kerja maupun lalu lintas. Selama ini penanganan insomnia di Indonesia masih didominasi oleh terapi farmakologis, yang walaupun efektif dalam jangka pendek, memiliki keterbatasan berupa risiko ketergantungan dan efek samping. Hal ini menegaskan perlunya intervensi nonfarmakologis yang aman, terjangkau, dan berkelanjutan. Yoga kesehatan muncul sebagai alternatif evidence-based yang menawarkan manfaat fisiologis dan psikologis. Bukti empiris global menunjukkan bahwa yoga secara signifikan memperbaiki kualitas tidur dengan memperpanjang durasi tidur, menurunkan latensi tidur, serta meningkatkan efisiensi tidur. Penelitian lokal di Indonesia menegaskan efektivitas Yin yoga dalam meningkatkan kualitas tidur pada pekerja kantoran perempuan dengan insomnia ringan hingga sedang, dengan hasil lebih baik dibanding Vinyasa yoga. Mekanisme yoga dalam meningkatkan kualitas tidur mencakup penurunan aktivitas sistem saraf simpatis, peningkatan fungsi parasimpatis, serta penurunan kadar kortisol. Selain itu, yoga membantu mengurangi kecemasan, menenangkan pikiran, dan menciptakan relaksasi mendalam. Dengan sifatnya yang holistik, mudah diakses, dan adaptif terhadap budaya lokal, yoga memiliki potensi besar untuk diintegrasikan ke dalam program kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, baik pada level promotif, preventif, maupun kuratif. Dengan demikian, yoga kesehatan dapat dipandang sebagai intervensi komplementer yang relevan dan strategis untuk mengatasi tantangan epidemiologis insomnia di Indonesia, sekaligus mendukung peningkatan kualitas hidup dan produktivitas masyarakat.
KEPEMIMPINAN YANG IDEAL: Prinsip-Prinsip Pemimpin dalam Melakukan Perubahan
Membincangkan pemimpin di era milenial sekarang ini adalah sesuatu yang amat menarik karena digenggaman pemimpinlah tanggung jawab keberhasilan itu berada. Bagi seorang pemimpin; entah pemimpin perusahaan atau organisasi, melakukan perubahan adalah sebuah keniscayaan. Artinya, perubahan secara terus menerus dan berkesinambungan penting dilakukan oleh pemimpin untuk mencapai keberhasilan yang dicita-citakan. Di era menuju Revolusi Industri 5.0 sekarang ini, tidak ada satupun perusahaan atau organisasi yang lepas bebas dari persaingan yang ketat dan keras untuk memperebutkan sumber-sumber kehidupan (struggle for life). Dalam persaingan yang ketat dan keras tersebut dibutuhkan organisasi yang survival, progres, bermutu, dan tepat guna. Tanpa itu, lambat laun niscaya perusahaan atau organisasi tersebut akan tertinggal, kolap, dan pada akhirnya punah. Artikel ini mengkaji peran dan prinsip-prinsip pemimpin dalam melaksanakan perubahan serta pentingnya arti perubahan secara terus menerus dan berkesinambungan dilakukan oleh perusahaan atau organisasi.
KAJIAN FILOSOFI TRADISI MECARU NASI PELUPUHAN DI DESA SAI KECAMATAN PUPUAN KABUPATEN TABANAN
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keunikan Tradisi Mecaru Nasi Pelupuhan di Desa Sai, Kecamatan Pupuan, Kabupaten Tabanan, sebagai warisan budaya sakral keagamaan Hindu. Berbeda dengan upacara mecaru pada umumnya di Bali yang membuang sarana caru pascaprosesi, masyarakat Desa Sai justru memakan nasi caru tersebut secara bersama-sama dengan jumlah lauk berhitungan ganjil sebagai sarana penangkal wabah penyakit (grubug) menjelang piodalan di Pura Dalem. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji secara mendalam mengenai proses pelaksanaan, landasan structural, fungsi, serta makna filosofis dari tradisi tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi. Data dikumpulkan melalui teknik observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam bersama tokoh adat, serta dokumentasi, yang kemudian dianalisis melalui tahap reduksi, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tradisi ini dilaksanakan melalui tiga tahapan utama di perempatan desa, yaitu tahap persiapan (ngayah), tahap inti mecaru dan persembahyangan, serta tahap pembersihan. Keberlangsungan tradisi ini ditopang oleh landasan religi, mitologi, dan sosial. Secara fungsional, ritus ini mengemban fungsi religi (Bhuta Yadnya), fungsi sosial (integrasi kelompok), dan fungsi pelestarian budaya bagi generasi muda. Secara filosofis, Tradisi Mecaru Nasi Pelupuhan mengandung makna simbolis sebagai wujud ketulusan yadnya, makna etika melalui pengamalan Tri Kaya Parisudha, serta makna kehidupan sosial yang memperkuat solidaritas komunal. Simpulan dari penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa Tradisi Mecaru Nasi Pelupuhan bukan sekadar rutinitas seremonial, melainkan sebuah instrumen spiritual dan sosiokultural yang efektif dalam menjaga keseimbangan hidup bermasyarakat sesuai implementasi ajaran Tri Hita Karana.
SAKRALISASI LAYANGAN JANGGAN DUWE LANANG ISTRI DI KECAMATAN DENPASAR SELATAN KOTA DENPASAR
Layangan janggan merupakan salah satu layang-layang tradisional di Bali yang berbentuk menyerupai Naga dalam mitologi Bali. Layangan janggan tidak jarang menjadi duwe. Layangan janggan yang menjadi duwe diantaranya, layangan janggan Ida Pemayun Cakra Pralina Jagat dan Ratu Ayu Garuda Mas yang telah diakui statusnya sebagai lanang istri yang terletak di Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan. Sakralisasi layangan janggan duwe memiliki landasan, bentuk, dan implikasi. Landasan sakralisasi layangan janggan duwe lanang istri nampak pada landasan mitologi Rare Angon yang telah diakui oleh masyarakat Bali sebagai dewa layang-layang dan mitologi Naga Basuki yang menjadi inspirasi dari terbuatnya layangan janggan, landasan sosiologis yang nampak pada kerjasama anggota sekaa layang-layang untuk membuat layangan janggan, dan landasan historis yang merupakan sejarah dari kedua layangan janggan duwe lanang istri. Bentuk sakralisasi layangan janggan duwe lanang istri yakni, bentuk upacara sakralisasi layangan janggan duwe yang merupakan proses yang dilakukan untuk mensakralkan layangan janggan duwe lanang istri. Implikasi sakralisasi layangan janggan duwe lanang istri meliputi implikasi spiritual yang berpengaruh terhadap psikologis masyarakat, implikasi sosial yang berpengaruh terhadap antusias masyarakat untuk hadir dalam proses sakralisasi layangan janggan duwe lanang istri, dan implikasi etika yang berpengaruh terhadap munculnya pantangan-pantangan yang harus ditaati agar tidak terjadi hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan selama proses sakralisasi layangan janggan duwe lanang istri berlangsung.
AJARAN FILSAFAT MANUSIA DALAM LONTAR AJI TATTWANING WONG CEDANGGA
Perkembangan modernitas yang ditandai oleh globalisasi, percepatan teknologi digital, relativisme nilai, serta krisis identitas spiritual menghadirkan tantangan serius bagi pembentukan karakter dan moralitas masyarakat Hindu. Dalam konteks tersebut, Lontar Aji Tattwaning Wong Cedangga sebagai teks tattwa Bali menyimpan ajaran filsafat manusia yang potensial menjadi fondasi antropologi spiritual, namun belum banyak dikaji secara sistematis dalam kerangka filosofis yang komprehensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konstruksi filsafat manusia dalam lontar tersebut, mengungkap makna ontologis, epistemologis, aksiologis, dan teleologisnya, serta mengkaji relevansinya dalam pembentukan karakter dan moralitas masyarakat Hindu di era modern. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan hermeneutika filosofis, melalui analisis teks, interpretasi konseptual, dan studi kepustakaan terhadap sumber-sumber pendukung yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lontar ini memuat struktur antropologi spiritual yang utuh: manusia dipahami sebagai makhluk karmis dan sekala–niskala (dimensi ontologis); pengetahuan sejati (vidyā) menjadi dasar kesadaran moral (dimensi epistemologis); dharma dan bhakti berfungsi sebagai nilai tertinggi pembentuk karakter (dimensi aksiologis); serta kehidupan diarahkan pada keselamatan dan pembebasan sebagai tujuan akhir (dimensi teleologis). Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa ajaran dalam lontar tersebut bersifat transformatif dan tetap relevan dalam menjawab krisis moral modern. Implikasinya, Lontar Aji Tattwaning Wong Cedangga dapat dijadikan kerangka normatif dalam penguatan pendidikan karakter berbasis spiritualitas Hindu serta sebagai sumber revitalisasi nilai dalam kehidupan sosial masyarakat Hindu kontemporer.
DHARMA DAN PREMA SEBAGAI NILAI HIDUP: MENATA ULANG PENDIDIKAN HINDU ABAD KE-21 MELALUI ETIKA PUBLIK DAN SPIRIT PEDAGOGIS
Hindu education in the 21st century faces serious challenges related to the modern humanitarian crisis, characterized by the reduction of the meaning of life, the fragmentation of social relations, and the dominance of instrumental rationality in educational practices. In this context, education often becomes trapped in a cognitive and utilitarian orientation, thus losing the ethical and affective dimensions that are truly central to the formation of a whole person. This article aims to reconstruct Hindu education by positioning Dharma and Prema as operational life values, not merely normative concepts or spiritual symbols. Through a qualitative-philosophical approach, incorporating an analysis of Hindu teachings and a critical reflection on contemporary educational practices, this article argues that Dharma needs to be understood as a public ethic that guides social responsibility, justice, and the sustainability of communal life. At the same time, Prema functions as a pedagogical spirit that animates the educator-student relationship, the learning process, and the climate of educational institutions. The integration of the two creates an educational paradigm that not only transmits knowledge but also transforms students' awareness, character, and life orientation. The conceptual findings of this article demonstrate that a reconstruction of Hindu education based on Dharma and Prema can respond to the modern humanitarian crisis by revitalizing education as a space for ethical learning and compassionate practice rooted in an awareness of human interconnectedness and limitations. Thus, 21st-century Hindu education has significant potential to contribute to the development of a compassionate public ethics and a humanistic and transformative pedagogy. This article is expected to enrich the discourse on religious education by offering an alternative conceptual framework that is relevant and contextual to the challenges of our time
GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN PRESIDEN JOSE MUJICA DALAM PERSPEKTIF ETIKA HINDU: KAJIAN TERHADAP AJARAN ASTA BRATA
Leadership is a fundamental factor in determining the direction of a policy for national development and the welfare of the people. President Jose Mujica, the president of Uruguay, is known as a simple, humble, and progressive leader. This study aims to examine President Jose Mujica's leadership style from a Hindu ethical perspective, specifically through the teachings of Hinduism Asta Brata. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method, using an objective approach. The author used a literature study data collection technique. The results of the study show that Mujica reflects the principles Asta Brata in his leadership practice: simplicity of life as a form Candra Brata, firmness in social policy as Agni Brata, fair management of the country's economy as Kuwera Brata, as well as attention to the well-being of the people as Indra Brata. Thus, Jose Mujica's leadership style can be seen as aligned with Hindu ethical values ​​that emphasize the balance between power, morality, and service. This research is expected to provide theoretical contributions to broadening the study of cross-cultural leadership philosophy and provide practical inspiration for leadership models based on simplicity and virtue.
KAJIAN ESTETIKA HINDU PEMENTASAN TARI BARIS SINGA MANDAWA DI DESA ADAT KUBUTAMBAHAN KECAMATAN KUBUTAMBAHAN KABUPATEN BULELENG BALI
The Baris Singa Mandawa dance is a sacred performance that has developed in Kubutambahan Village, Kubutambahan District, Buleleng Regency. This dance has a long history, believed to have originated during the Chiwa Budhi era in the 9th century (886 BC). Over time, the dance disappeared and was no longer performed in ritual ceremonies. Its revival took place after the Covid-19 pandemic as a form of spiritual reflection, a prayer for safety, a means to strengthen social cohesion, and a way to preserve the cultural identity of the village. The purpose of this research is to describe the history, functions, meanings, as well as the sociological and religious foundations of the Baris Singa Mandawa dance for the people of Kubutambahan Village. This study applied a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, in-depth interviews with customary leaders and local artists, and documentation study. The data were analyzed through reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that: (1) historically, the Baris Singa Mandawa dance was created during the Chiwa Budhi period, disappeared for centuries, and was revived after the Covid-19 pandemic; (2) functionally, the dance serves as a medium of yadnya (sacred offering), a social space that strengthens community solidarity, and a cultural identity marker of Kubutambahan Village; (3) symbolically, it represents strength, courage, and protection (lion), as well as devotion to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa; (4) sociologically and religiously, it facilitates collective participation through the spirit of ngayah (voluntary service), reinforcing harmony between humans, nature, and God. In conclusion, the Baris Singa Mandawa dance is not merely a form of art, but also a reflection of the spiritual and social journey of the Kubutambahan community in maintaining the balance of adat (custom), religion, and culture.
KAJIAN FILSAFAT KETUHANAN UPAKARA KAWAS DI DESA ADAT SILANGJANA KECAMATAN SUKASADA KABUPATEN BULELENG
The kawas tradition constitutes an integral component within the series of religious ceremonies routinely performed by the community of Silangjana Village, serving both as an expression of gratitude and as a realization of the philosophical framework of Tri Hita Karana. kawas functions as a sacred manifestation (hierophany), with the narrative of its miraculous incorruptibility forming the origin of the village’s name and reinforcing the community’s religious faith. This phenomenon strengthens devotion (Śraddhā Bhakti), positioning kawas as a sacred blessing that mediates the individual’s spirituality with the divine. Moreover, kawas consolidates social solidarity and the spirit of communal service (ngayah) through values of equality and togetherness, in accordance with the principles of Tri Hita Karana. It also operates as a vital medium for preserving ancestral cultural heritage, transmitted across generations to sustain the collective identity of the community. Ethically, kawas embodies the principle of Tri Kaya Parisudha—purity of thought, speech, and action—while aesthetically reflecting the ideal of Satyam Śivam Sundaram, whereby symbolic beauty serves the purposes of purification and the maintenance of cosmic balance
BENTUK KOMUNIKASI GURU-SISYA DALAM TEKS VIJNANA BHAIRAWA TANTRA
In general, texts such as the Upanishads and Tantras utilize conversational or question-and-answer patterns to convey their messages or teachings rather than merely descriptive narratives. This is interesting to observe because the communication patterns employed are not merely informative but also contain a spiritual, conversational intimacy. Based on these considerations, the researcher wants to analyze the forms or patterns of communication present in one of the Vijnana Bhairava Tantra texts from a theological perspective. This research aims to explore and analyze in depth the theological aspects of communication in the Vijnana Bhairava Tantra text so that they can be explained in more detail and scientifically. The form or pattern of Guru-Sisya communication in the Vijnana Bhairava Tantra text is classified as primary communication because it uses symbols, namely verbal words, to convey its messages or teachings. Bhairava conveys his teachings to Bhairavi through direct verbal communication. Likewise, this communication is classified as interpersonal communication, because it occurs between two people, namely between Guru and Murid, in a serious conversation. The conversation discusses the methods by which one can attain the highest attainment in life, namely Shivaloka.
AJARAN KEPEMIMPINAN HINDU PADA NOVEL SIWA KESATRIA WANGSA SURYA
Leadership is a person's ability to manage people in their group. Meanwhile, someone who has this ability is called a leader. Nowadays, there are several aspects to studying leadership teachings, one of which is through novels which are loved by Gen-Z. The Novel Siwa Kesatria Wangsa Surya is a work of modern fiction with Hindu nuances, the story tells of the figure of Siwa who is unsure of his identity as the Nilakantha. In this novel there are teachings of Asta Brata, Asta Dasa Paramiteng Prabhu and Panca Yama Brata which can be analyzed. Based on the background, in this research there are three problem formulations that will be discussed, namely: (1) What is the structure of the Novel Siwa Kesatria Wangsa Surya?, (2) What are the teachings of Hindu leadership in terms of the Novel Siwa Kesatria Wangsa Surya?, (3) What are the Hindu leadership values in the Novel Siwa Kesatria Wangsa Surya?. From the three problem formulations above, a theoretical basis is needed as a scalpel, including: (1) Structuralism theory, (2) Hermeneutic theory and (3) Value theory. The techniques used to collect data are observation, literature study, interviews and documentation. Qualitative is a type of research used with a hermeneutical approach. Based on the results of data analysis, it shows: (1) There is an analysis of hidden text structure, binary opposition, analysis of myth in the story and relevance in cultural and social studies in the Novel Siwa Kesatria Wangsa Surya, (2) Hindu leadership teachings in the Novel Siwa Kesatria Wangsa Surya include Asta Brata, Asta Dasa Paramiteng Prabhu and Panca Yama Brata, (3) The Hindu leadership values found in the Novel Siwa Kesatria Wangsa Surya are dharma values, karma values and devotional value
BANTEN SUCI, ASAS AKSIOLOGIS AGAMA HINDU DALAM MEMAHAMI REALITAS BHUANA AGUNG DAN BHUANA ALIT
Banten is a liturgical and cultural offering of the Balinese Hindu community. One form of offering in Hinduism is the sacred offering. When examined, the components of the sacred offering have implications for internalizing the axiological principles of Hinduism, particularly in the interpretation of the bhuana agung and bhuana alit. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existence of the sacred offering as a religious practice and to connect its components to the process of interpreting the macrocosmic and microcosmic values ​​of Hinduism. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach, utilizing triangulation, consisting of observation, interviews, and literature review. The data analysis techniques for this study include data collection, data reduction, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the sacred offering is closely related to philosophical and theological values. Within its components, the sacred offering holds numerous meanings related to the context of Hinduism's understanding of the universe. The sacred offering is one of the essences of Hindu practice that deserves further study, particularly the materials and symbolic meanings contained in each component. The components of this offering have implications for understanding the linearity between the existence of Ida Sang Hyang Widhi as the prima cause and the bhuana agung and bhuana alit.
ETIKA HINDU DALAM LONTAR AJI TATTWANING WONG CEDANGGA DAN RELEVANSI PADA MASYARAKAT DESA PEMARON KECAMATAN BULELENG KABUPATEN BULELENG
This study examines in depth the Hindu ethical teachings contained in the Lontar Aji Tattwaning Wong Cedangga, one of the classical manuscripts containing moral advice, ethical values, and the teachings of karma that are believed to influence human behavior today. The research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature study, analysis of lontar texts, interviews with religious figures, and field observations in the Buleleng community, especially Pemaron Village. The results show that the lontar contains the teachings of Tri Kaya Parisudha, Karma Phala, Manusa Yajña, Pitra Ṛṇa, procedures for purification for children born out of wedlock, and teachings of moral balance that have strong relevance to the practices of modern society. This lontar functions as a literary heritage that not only contains historical value, but also as a contextual ethical guideline for building the character of a harmonious and cultured society.
MAKNA PENGGUNAAN KALENDER BALI DI TENGAH KEBERAGAMAN MASYARAKAT DESA PEGAYAMAN KABUPATEN BULELENG
The use of the Balinese calendar by the Muslim community in Pegayaman Village represents a unique form of cultural interaction and interreligious coexistence in northern Bali. Although religious practices in Pegayaman follow the Hijri calendar, the community simultaneously adopts the Balinese calendar for determining auspicious days, agricultural cycles, market activities, social events, and communal coordination. This dual-calendar practice raises questions about the cultural meanings embedded within the Muslim community’s continued use of a Hindu-influenced temporal system. This study aims to analyze the meanings of social adaptation, cultural preservation, communal identity, interreligious harmony, ecological wisdom, and knowledge transmission reflected in the community’s usage of the Balinese calendar. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach with an interpretive ethnographic model. Data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with community leaders, farmers, religious figures, and youth, as well as documentation analysis. Data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The findings reveal that the Balinese calendar serves as a strategic tool for social adaptation that maintains Muslim–Hindu harmony, an instrument for preserving Balinese cultural identity within a Muslim community, and a marker of the communal identity of “Balinese Muslims.” Moreover, the calendar functions as a medium for interreligious tolerance, an ecological guide for agriculture and environmental management, and a mechanism for intergenerational knowledge transmission. The study concludes that the Balinese calendar is not merely a chronological system, but a sociocultural instrument that reinforces social cohesion, environmental sustainability, and the integration of local wisdom within a multicultural society.
PURANA DAN ITIHASA SEBAGAI SUMBER PENGUATAN KARAKTER RELIGIUS DALAM KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU
The declining religious character among young generations and the limited integration of classical Hindu texts in Hindu Religious Education (PAH) highlight the need for new pedagogical approaches that address moral and spiritual dimensions more deeply. This study aims to analyze the religious values embedded in the Purana and Itihasa and to formulate a conceptual model for strengthening religious character based on these classical texts within the PAH curriculum. Employing a qualitative-descriptive method, this research uses library studies and content analysis supported by narrative pedagogy, character education, and curriculum theory. The findings reveal six core religious values sraddha, bhakti, dharma, tattwa, yajña, and śila that are highly relevant for character formation through narrative, reflective, and experiential learning. Integrating these values into curriculum elements enriches learning outcomes, instructional content, pedagogical strategies, and holistic character assessment. The study proposes a conceptual model based on Purana Itihasa narratives that bridges classical Hindu wisdom with contemporary educational needs. The implications include pedagogical innovation, improved teacher competence, and the development of a more spiritual, contextual, and transformative PAH curriculum.
NILAI-NILAI HUMANISTIK HINDU DALAM DIALOG KRISHNA ARJUNA SEBAGAI LANDASAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER SPIRITUAL
Modern education increasingly faces a crisis of morality and a decline in spiritual depth among learners, indicating the need for a more holistic character education model grounded in religious values. This study aims to analyze the humanistic Hindu values in the Krishna–Arjuna dialogue of the Bhagavad Gita and formulate a conceptual model of spiritual character education relevant to contemporary contexts. This research employs a qualitative-descriptive approach through library research, content analysis, and textual hermeneutics to interpret the humanistic values embedded in the text and their relevance for education. The findings reveal six fundamental values karuna, satya, dama, kshanti, abhaya, and nishkama karma which serve as the foundation for spiritual character development. These values align with contemporary educational theories such as Transformative Learning, Humanistic Education, and Character Education, enabling a strong integration between Hindu spirituality and modern pedagogy. The study proposes a conceptual model consisting of value dimensions, dialogical-reflective methods, contemplative practices, ethical case-based learning, and behavioral actualization through self-observation and selfless action. The implications highlight the significance of the Bhagavad Gita as a philosophical and pedagogical foundation for strengthening Hindu religious education, enhancing teacher competence, and cultivating morally and spiritually mature learners.
TRANSFORMASI RITUS NGABEN DARI BANJAR KE KREMATORIUM
The Ngaben ceremony is an important rite in Balinese Hinduism that serves to purify the atman (spirit) and return it to its origin, as well as strengthen social solidarity within the community through communal execution by the Banjar. However, along with increasing urbanization, community mobility, and demands for time and cost efficiency, the implementation of Ngaben has undergone a significant transformation: from being performed traditionally in the setra of the traditional village to being more practical through crematoriums. This change reflects the dynamics of Balinese cultural adaptation to modernity and limited resources in contemporary life. This study discusses the social and cultural implications of this shift, ranging from the weakening of the Banjar's role as a collective space, the reduction of social interaction in religious rites, to the threat to the sustainability of the value of mutual cooperation and cultural transmission between generations. On the other hand, the use of crematoriums is also understood as a form of religious acculturation and the community's adaptive strategy in maintaining the spiritual essence of Ngaben in the context of modern times. Using the Hindu uparengga philosophy approach, this study emphasizes the importance of harmony between the external form of ritual and its spiritual meaning, so that the transformation of Ngaben implementation can still reflect the cultural and religious values of Balinese society.
ESTETIKA INDRAWI SENI KARAWITAN BALI: TINJAUAN FILSAFAT SENI BAUMGARTEN
Balinese karawitan (traditional music) is a form of cultural expression that not only presents musical beauty but also embodies profound spiritual and symbolic dimensions. This article examines Balinese karawitan as a sensory aesthetic experience through the lens of Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten’s philosophy of art. Baumgarten viewed aesthetics as a legitimate form of sensory knowledge, equal to logic, where beauty is perceived through the interaction of the senses, emotions, and rationality. Balinese karawitan—with its rich tonal systems, dynamic structures, interlocking rhythms (kotekan), and close connection to ritual—serves as an ideal medium to actualize Baumgarten’s aesthetics in both contextual and philosophical terms. This study shows that Balinese aesthetic experience is not limited to formal musical elements but is deeply rooted in collective experience, spirituality, and local concepts such as rasa (emotive feeling) and taksu (spiritual charisma). Beauty is not only heard, but also felt through vibrations, atmosphere, and inner resonance. This approach affirms that traditional Balinese art can be understood within a Western philosophical framework while maintaining its unique local character. Thus, the sensory aesthetics of Balinese karawitan reflect a harmony between body, soul, and the cosmos, remaining relevant for both cultural preservation and contemporary artistic innovation.
PENERAPAN MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES PADA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU DAN BUDI PEKERTI DALAM PENGUATAN SIKAP TOLERANSI PADA SISWA DI SD NEGERI 3 GADUNGAN TAHUN AJARAN 2024/2025
Hindu Religious Education plays a vital role in shaping students’ character and tolerance. However, conventional teacher-centered methods often hinder this development. This study examines the implementation of the Multiple Intelligences strategy in Hindu Religious and Character Education at SD Negeri 3 Gadungan to strengthen students’ tolerance. A descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was used. The findings show that the strategy was applied through teaching modules based on students’ intelligence mapping. Supporting and inhibiting factors come from both internal and external aspects of the learning process. This strategy positively impacts the development of students’ tolerance in religious, social, and cultural contexts. It proves effective in promoting active participation and reinforcing character values in the learning process.
TANTRA DAN TRANSENDENSI DALAM USADHA BALI: (Eksplorasi Filsafat Praktis dalam Lontar Pengobatan)
Balinese Usadha has long been recognized as a traditional herbal healing system, yet its philosophical and spiritual dimensions embedded in ancient lontar manuscripts remain underexplored. This study aims to examine the structure of Tantric teachings and the concept of transcendence in Usadha texts as a form of practical philosophy in Balinese life. Employing a qualitative-exploratory approach and philosophical hermeneutics, this research analyzes texts such as Usadha Jagra, Usadha Bhuta, and Raja Nala, supported by interviews with traditional healers. The findings reveal that Usadha healing addresses not only the physical body but also facilitates a spiritual process of self-awareness through ritual symbolism, mantra, and ethical-spiritual practices. Tantric teachings are evident in the body-energy structure, cosmic duality, and meditative disciplines embedded within healing acts. This study affirms that Usadha Bali is a rich source of philosophical knowledge, offering significant contributions to contemporary discourse on spirituality, ecological education, and holistic healing practices.
KAJIAN ETNOPEDAGOGI TRADISI MESURYAK PADA MASYARAKAT DI DESA ADAT BONGAN KECAMATAN TABANAN, KABUPATEN TABANAN
Life in Bali is different from other communities because the majority of the population adheres to Hinduism and passes on many traditions to the next generation, such as the mesuryak tradition in the Bongan Traditional Village in Tabanan sub-district which has been passed down from generation to generation. Based on this, after knowing the problem described, three problem formulations can be made as follows: 1. How is the Mesuryak tradition implemented in the Bongan Traditional Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency?, 2. What is the function of the Mesuryak tradition in the Bongan Traditional Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency? , 3. What is the value of Ethnopedagogy in the Mesuryak tradition in the Bongan Traditional Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency? Research methods refer to the main process carried out by researchers to answer problems, starting from the beginning of the research until data analysis is carried out. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with purposive selection of informants. There are four ways to collect data: observation, books, interviews, and documentation. The data triangulation process was used to analyze this research data; Triangulation steps include reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research will produce research on the process of implementing the Mesuryak Tradition, including: (1). Mesuryak tradition preparation, (2). Time and Place of Implementation of the Mesuryak tradition, and (3). The process of implementing the Mesuryak tradition, as well as the functions in the Mesuryak tradition include: 1). Religious Function, 2). Educational Function, 3). Social Function, and 4). Cultural Preservation Function, 5). Belief Function 6). The function of asking for safety, and the ethnopedagogical values ​​contained in the mesuryak tradition include: (1), Tattwa Educational Values, (2). The Value of Moral Education, (3). Ceremonial Educational Value, and (4). Value of Social Education (5). Value of Religious Education (6). The Value of Bhakti Education.
DETERMINASI KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL, MOTIVASI KERJA, DAN SIKAP SPIRITUAL TERHADAP KINERJA GURU DI SLB NEGERI 2 BULELENG
The purpose of this study was to find out how professional competence, motivation to work, and spiritual attitude affect teacher performance in SLB Negeri 2 Buleleng. The study is classified as ex-post facto research. The study involved 30 teachers. In this study, the entire study population was used as respondents. To analyze the data, moment product analysis, multiple regression, and partial correlation are used. The results showed that: (1) professional competence was detected significantly on teacher performance in SLB Negeri 2 Buleleng through the pearson correlation equation of 0.774 with determination of 0.008 and effective contribution of 0.62%;(2) work motivation was detected significantly on teacher performance at SLB Negeri 2 Buleleng through the pearson correlation equation of 0.866 with determination of 0.478 and effective contribution of 0.62%. (3) there is a significant determination of spiritual attitudes towards teacher performance in SLB Negeri 2 Buleleng through a pearson correlation of 0.829 with a determination of 0.457 and an effective contribution of 31.58%.(4) there is a significant determination of professional competence, work motivation, and spiritual attitude towards teacher performance in SLB Negeri 2 Buleleng through a multiple regression equation of 0.389 with a coefficient of determination together of 80.3%.
KAJIAN FILOSOFI MANGGALA DESA PETANG DASA DI DESA ADAT SUWUG KECAMATAN SAWAN KABUPATEN BULELENG
Manggala desa petang dasa is a number of groups or associations with a total of 40 members. Manggala desa petang dasa is a social structure of the indigenous community whose existence still exists today. This study aims to understand the basis, form, function, and philosophical meaning of the manggala desa petang dasa. The theories used include religious theory, which explains the origins of the manggala desa petang dasa related to the history of the birth of the Suwug Traditional Village and the community's mythology regarding the 40 Anglurah Braban Watu Lepang troops. Socially, the manggala desa petang dasa is a ririgan of the indigenous community that reflects the values ​​of togetherness and responsibility towards the traditional village. The structural functional theory explains that the manggala desa petang dasa functions to preserve local traditions, by routinely carrying out sangkep every 15 days and ngayah when there is a religious ceremony carried out by the traditional village. The replacement of the manggala desa petang dasa is carried out routinely every year. The use of symbolic interactionism theory to reveal the meaning of symbols in every ritual and facilities and infrastructure used by the manggala desa petang dasa.
MAKNA PEMENTASAN TARI PENDET PEMENDAK DALAM PIODALAN DI PURA AGUNG MPU KUTURAN STAH NEGERI MPU KUTURAN SINGARAJA
The pendet pemendak dance is a dance performed during the piodalan ceremony at the Pura Agung Mpu Kuturan. The purpose of this dance is as a symbol of welcoming Ida Bhatara to be able to witness the implementation of the piodalan so that it can run smoothly. Based on the background above, in this study there are three formulations of the problem that will be discussed, including: 1) What is the form of the pendet pemendak dance in the piodalan ceremony at the Pura Agung Mpu Kuturan STAH Negeri Mpu Kuturan Singaraja?, 2) What is the function of the pendet pemendak dance in the piodalan ceremony at the Pura Agung Mpu Kuturan STAH Negeri Mpu Kuturan Singaraja?, 3) What is the meaning of the pendet pemendak dance in the Ida Bhatara mendak ritual at the Pura Agung Mpu Kuturan STAH Negeri Mpu Kuturan Singaraja?. The theoretical basis used in this study are: Structural Functional Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism. The methods used in collecting data are: observation methods, literature studies, and interview techniques. The collected data were analyzed using the steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data conclusion. The results of the research and data analysis showed: 1) The form of the Pendet Pemendak dance can be seen from the structure of the Pendet Pemendak dance, the costume of the Pendet Pemendak dance, and the means carried by the Pendet Pemendak dance. 2) The function of the Pendet Pemendak dance can be seen from the social function, the function of preserving culture, and the religious function. 3) The meaning contained in the Pendet Pemendak dance is the philosophical meaning, the aesthetic meaning, and the symbolic meaning. From the data analysis, it can be concluded: That the Pendet Pemendak dance has a form of performance that can affect the appearance and sacredness of this dance. This Pendet Pemendak dance has several functions that can provide benefits to the community, especially in the STAHN Mpu Kuturan campus. This Pendet Pemendak dance has a very deep meaning and can be used as a guideline in preserving a culture.
ANVĪKṢIKĪ SEBAGAI EPISTEMOLOGI KLASIK HINDU FONDASI FILOSOFIS BAGI COGNITIVE SCIENCE KONTEMPORER
This study aims to explore Anvīkṣikī, the classical Hindu discipline of reasoning, logic, and critical analysis as a form of epistemology that can contribute to the development of contemporary Cognitive Science. In the Indian philosophical tradition, Anvīkṣikī includes not only rational and dialectical methods, but also introspective and spiritual dimensions in understanding the process of thinking and consciousness (citta). This article presents a historical-philosophical study of the main texts containing the teachings of Anvīkṣikī, such as Kautilya's Arthaśāstra and Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika sources, and analyzes how this epistemic framework can be compared and reconciled transdisciplinary with the main theories in Cognitive Science, such as mental representation, reflective consciousness, and embodied cognition. Using hermeneutic approaches and conceptual analysis, this study shows that Anvīkṣikī contains principles of systematic rationality that are in line with modern cognitive science approaches, but at the same time extends them with ethical and spiritual frameworks. This study offers an important contribution to the development of non-Western epistemologies in the field of mind studies and proposes a more inclusive philosophical dialogue between Eastern and Western scientific traditions.