TUBUH, JIWA, DAN KEHIDUPAN: PERAN ATMA DALAM MENYATUKAN UNSUR KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA MENURUT AJARAN AGAMA HINDU

Abstract

In Hindu teachings, humans are not merely regarded as physical beings, but as complete entities composed of interrelated physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects. Among these components, the atma or soul holds a central role as the eternal core of consciousness and serves as the primary driving force of life. The atma is believed to be a divine spark of Brahman, the ultimate reality and the source of all existence. This study aims to examine the understanding of atma within the structure of human existence, and to highlight its function in uniting the body and soul according to Hindu perspectives. The research was conducted using a qualitative method through literature study of sacred Hindu scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, and Brahma Sutra. The findings reveal that human existence is explained through the concept of Tri Sarira (gross body, subtle body, and causal body), and Panca Kosa (five layers of consciousness), all of which are energized and governed by the atma as the central force. Moreover, human behavior dynamics are also influenced by the Triguna— the three fundamental qualities of nature: Sattwa (purity), Rajas (activity), and Tamas (inertia). Understanding the concept of atma becomes crucial in addressing the challenges of modern life, which often places more emphasis on physical gratification. This article affirms that awareness of the atma not only has spiritual significance, but also serves as a practical foundation for shaping a harmonious, meaningful, and balanced life grounded in the values of dharma.